basic computer lecture notes

1.1 First meeting with the computer Sit down at a workstation. Both hardware and software are necessary for working of a computer. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. UNIT IIIAssembly Language Programming with 8086- Machine level programs, Machine coding theprograms, Programming with an assembler, Assembly Language example programs. The technique of segmentation (pipeline), 2.2.2. These come under multiple user computer systems that are capable of holding hundreds of users simultaneously. 1943-46: ENIAC (Mauchly, Eckert, University of Pennsylvania). Because data saved as electronic files can be retrieved whenever required, the headache of maintaining piles of paper files gets reduced. Integration of the memory: the TLB and cache, 3.4.1. 1. It can perform the calculation of a very huge amount of data. endobj Arithmetic Logic Unit This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic operations and logical operations take place. thousands of connected users simultaneously, A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer, Capable of processing trillion instructions in a single second. Ltd.: All rights reserved. Regularly a single user system is named a workstation. J. List a few of the important questions in Computer System Architecture. These notes are easy to interpret for aspiring students and are the best set of references for computer system architecture during revision. Data/instructions are stored in a single read/write memory; The contents of this memory are addressable by location. A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output, and storage We can drag a few blocks to make Scratch say hello, world: The when green flag clicked block is the start of our program, and below it weve snapped in a say block and typed in hello, world. There are a total of five Generations of Computer, wherein each generation something different was discovered to improvise the functioning and the performance of computer systems. Introduction to graphics processors. next (unless that sequence is explicitly modified with loops and jumps). Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a system. Using the notes provided by this article will help students better prepare for the subject by giving them in-depth knowledge and help in scoring better grades. All of these languages, including Scratch, has more powerful features like: the ability to store values and change them, the ability for our program to do multiple things at once, the ability to respond to changes in our program or inputs. What is the importance of computer system architecture? Computer organization and architecture lecturer notes pdf. Warm Booting When the system is already running and needs to be restarted or rebooted, it is called warm booting. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Enjoy unlimited access on 5500+ Hand Picked Quality Video Courses. /Font << Two popular types are the PC and the Mac: Laptop, Desktop computer We could also flip two pages at a time, but if we go too far, well have to know to go back a page. These notes can save students from the hassle of going through different books to understand the basic concepts required for Computer System Architecture. ;w}55',x|< 8=F2T t<4$k#tR4 N3J>cf!7>4} uB)#1`=vB%%,24!X5[!XeU1=Q(m~D%=^*"s9F ZE&y;{94SISnud]U1JDy(m,fpnc & H ?*W8;H,RRDT] Tu2(Vg%t+= L333$Y1,w ] 6'UO'NB{`W>LA+(sF&_9o3O&=dX^jV:p4H](a@|@G.z ujv|,e[ou3 Rl0 I#9fun1Uhe[ E0>2Ak7Z46U0])*hegv-AaC2J,>iox+]z&V)oH}Ta The two main aspects of computers are: Input:The data that is inserted into the computer is termed the input. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Advanced Engineering Mathematics (Kreyszig Erwin; Kreyszig Herbert; Norminton E. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input is correct. The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is switched on is called BIOS or Basic Input Output System. The computer has units of speed in a microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picosecond. ]C(&J9NgcA,;kQ$ v!7/zjy&Z:pJYb}4 <6]5n V=U}. G}b`#`QHy8@Ob_B6f;=0yfEE#2=|x Agree Examples: Smart phones, cameras, digital TVs, Video recorders, DVD players, game stream Next, we focus specifically on the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Execution of instructions occurs in a sequential fashion from one instruction to the And videos are just many, many images displayed one after another, at some number of frames per second. See cs50.harvard.edu/x for the latest! A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored which we pass as input again to the say block: We can try to make Scratch (the name of the cat) say meow: But when we click the green flag, we hear the meow sound over and over immediately. Telecommunications . It is a hardware device that assembled on the motherboard for storing data and instructions for performing a task on the system. 6 pages 2020/2021 None. Questions 1. Provides the result (output) in a desired form. z Memory: The data and instructions are stored in this component of the computer. Definition COMPUTER: a computer is an electronic device that inputs and store data. So our other puppet can just wait for this event to say Polo!: Now that we know some basics, we can think about the design, or quality of our programs. 2. status registers, It is the responsibility of the processor periodically to check the status of I/O >> It works according to the users instruction, thus it is entirely dependent on humans. Learning Resource Types notes Lecture Notes. Stack structureof 8086, Interrupts and Interrupt service routines, Interrupt cycle of 8086, Interrupt programming,Passing parameters to procedures, Macros, Timings and Delays. Versatility Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations and continuous astronomical observations. 4 0 obj Course Outcomes: Able to understand the basic components and the design of CPU, ALU and Control Unit. Ability to understand memory hierarchy and its impact on computer cost/performance. Ability to understand the advantage of instruction level parallelism and pipelining for highperformance Processor design. Ability to understand the instruction set, instruction formats and addressing modes of 8086. Ability to write assembly language programs to solve problems. 2. This section contains the lecture notes for the course. The last two are not standard terms; they stand for \inverter" and \bu er", respectively. A computer is not capable enough to make any decision on its own. 3 0 obj Is Computer Architecture different from a Computer Organization? With two different costumes, or images of Scratch with its legs in different positions, we can even simulate an animated walking motion: We look at another program, bark, where we can use the space bar to mute a sea lion: With multiple sprites, or characters, we can have different sets of blocks for each of them: For one puppet, we have these blocks that say Marco!, and then a broadcast event block. While the investment at the beginning for the installation of a computer is high, it substantially reduces the cost of each of its transactions. The literal meaning of computer is a device that can calculate. b|IIa#~JJIE0,O]G7%{T(GQ(VJR'TOP There may be a variety of opinion about the content of the topics, but for the beginner it is the best which gives the time and opportunity to become familiar with the basics before pursuing further into the field of study in greater detail at the upper secondary level. I[qrz>Tsgrb$wJiH_8 M-6qQT#oi3j:,iJww.,:F#vdg The difficulty of parallel programs, 5.4.3. Discovery. The programming environment for Scratch looks like this: On the left, we have puzzle pieces that represent functions or variables, or other concepts, that we can drag and drop into our instruction area in the center. <> Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. The black box earlier will contain. 1 0 obj EXIM Bank (Export-Importof India: Definition, Objectives, Financial Products, Securities & Exchange Board of India: Meaning, Role, & Importance (Finance Notes). Figure 2: Table 8.2 from . Perspective and evolution of technology, 2.2. locations the CPU can address), e. 8080 has 16 bit address bus giving 64k address space Cold Booting When the system is started by switching on the power supply it is called cold booting. Lets say we wanted to find a friend, Mike Smith, in a phone book. y?- mjR8#T=xHskxPB&;l&W#@c.T3uQ(P0BT 27y~2;5)0`n]@$ Ho!FhS:?a)p_9VJ%^sTH5|eOSJio29:1DA[P]LPPZV&yk{IOC}}fGsJdQ[rS>W]Mv0JIR{1M [^z+(rL4. This whole process is completed with the help of input unit, output unit, storage unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit. Meaning that accepts the data, then it process it and saves it, then it stores it again. In fact, we can represent the efficiency of each of those algorithms with a chart: Our first solution, one page at a time, is like the red line: our time to solve increases linearly as the size of the problem increases. This is because they are an integral part of our everyday existence. Knowing the topics and format beforehand will ensure that students take less time to answer questions in the exam. Lecture 5 : Instruction Set Architecture. September 30 [PDF] CE8211 . We can add a block to wait, so the meows sound more normal. Legend (A): Session taught by Professor Arvind . Browse Course Material Syllabus Lecture Notes Assignments Exams Video Lectures . 3. As they are such integral parts of our lives, we must know what they are and how they function. This type of system is not convenient for carrying from one place to another. A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process data, and produce results. Bachelor in technology can get updated and revised notes provided in the article. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; As Taught In Fall 2006 Level Graduate. In other words, if the phone book went from 1000 to 2000 pages, we would need one more step to find Mike. UNIT VMemory Organization: Memory Hierarchy, Main Memory, Auxiliary memory, Associate Memory,Cache Memory.Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline, InstructionPipeline, RISC Pipeline, Vector Processing, Array Processors. Flower; Graeme Henderson), Introductory Econometrics for Finance (Chris Brooks), Electric Machinery Fundamentals (Chapman Stephen J. These are single-user computer systems having small, relatively reasonable computers designed for an individual user. component in a larger product. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done. This book was written to provide a single reference for network administration in a Linux environment. Technology and Employment Skills Training Ministry of Education, Fiji. activities by itself, Is inserted into general purpose and for individual use. Download Course. Supercomputers are mostly used in scientific and engineering operations where processing is difficult. NHB (National Housing Bank) Notes on Mission, Vision, Importance for Finance Prep! Input Unit Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and instructions to the computer are called input unit. 6.823 is a study of the evolution of computer architecture and the factors influencing the design of hardware and software elements of computer systems. consoles in its own memory, that can accept data, process data, and produce results. Which holds the following characteristics: Using vacuum tubes; dedicated to code breaking, The third generation: Integrated circuit (IC), Lots of devices on one bus leads to Propagation delays, Long data paths mean that co-ordination of bus use can adversely affect information, Each location has a number, called its address by which programs can refer to it, All memory locations in a memory contain the same number of bits, The natural unit of organisation of memory, The size of word is typically equal to the number of bits used to represent an Sign In, Create Your Free Account to Continue Reading, Copyright 2014-2021 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Each place for a digit represents a power of ten, since there are ten possible digits for each place. In a computer, there are millions or billions of switches called transistors that can store electricity and represent a bit by being on or off. Being a modern-day kid you must have used, seen, or read about computers. 5.3.2. Ask an Expert. If we wanted to represent 8, we would need another digit: And binary makes sense for computers because we power them with electricity, which can be either on or off, so each bit only needs to be on or off. Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly without considering the outcome. Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. This article describes the authors' teaching experience in flipping the class of a basic undergraduate mathematics course Introductory Linear Algebra. The subject is essential for software students as well because without understanding the hardware of the computer, you cannot make software developments since the development of software of hardware go hand in hand. The symbols for these gates and their corresponding Boolean expressions are given in Table 8.2 of the text which, for convenience, is reproduced (in part) in Fig. Step 5 Have control over all the above four steps. endobj Macintosh Technology in the Common Hardware Reference Platform by Apple Computer Inc. PowerPC Microprocessor Common Hardware Reference Platform by Apple Computer Inc., International Business Machines, Inc., and Motorola Inc. <> <> Processes the data as per instructions. . Basic Computer Course Part-25 New. /Type /Page stream Concept. 277 Workstations usually come with a high-resolution graphics screen, inbuilt network support, a large amount of RAM, and a graphical user interface. UNIT IDigital Computers: Introduction, Block diagram of Digital Computer, Definition of ComputerOrganization, Computer Design and Computer Architecture.Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction codes, Computer Registers, Computerinstructions, Timing and Control, Instruction cycle, Memory Reference Instructions, Input Output andInterrupt, Complete Computer Description.Micro Programmed Control: Control memory, Address sequencing, micro program example, designof control unit. stack area in memory, Restore the context of program it was working on and resume execution. So now we can represent inputs and outputs. QVv:@@y2+Wnt>JN@FWm Hi,f4SB3BJY4zwV}u)kiFmG0[vx3g0 M=X{Fsxk^~c[f7Fsp]xVz#rzw{U_D%U_@7z"~s%eY-! By using this website, you agree with our Cookies Policy. endobj A computer is an electronic device that accepts data/inputs from its user and processes it into useful information as per the processing instructions to generate the output. 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Embedded Computer: An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a The Computer Organization Notes pdf (CO pdf) book starts with the topics coveringDigital Computers, Basic Computer Organization and Design, Micro Programmed Control, Central Processing Unit, 8086 Instruction Set and Assembler Directives, Assembly Language Programming with 8086, Computer Arithmetic, Input-Output Organization, Memory Organization, Pipeline and Vector Processing, etc. Computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format. We can also drag in the ask and wait block, with a question like Whats your name?, and combine it with a say block for the answer: But we didnt wait after we said Hello with the first block, so we can use the say () for () seconds block: We can use the join block to combine two phrases so Scratch can say hello, David: Notice that we can nest instructions and variables. Despite so many advantages, computers have some disadvantages of their own . Popular Introduction to economics (2031) Ethics and Goverance (UU204) Electronic Device (EEE-3105) Medicine (mbchb) Introduction to Economics (IECO101) Law GAT (LGAT(01)) Principles of MicroEconomics (MDevS 111) Masters of Business Administration (632) Pacific Worlds (UU204) Automata Theory Computer Engineering (CoTT05201) First stored-program computer, Made vacuum machine obsolete by the late 1950s, The original transistor-based computers used thousands of discrete components, IC: put many transistors onto a single microchip, This led to cheaper computers and started the minicomputer in the 1970s, IC-based computers were still huge machines, The advent of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology allowed tens of Students can refer to these Computer Application Pdf Notes during their exams to help them score maximum marks. Computer Fundamentals MODULE 1 Basic Computing Notes Computer Science 3 z Central Processing Unit (CPU) : This is known as the Brain of the Computer as it controls the complete working of the computer. There are majorly 4-5 types of computers namely PC/Personal Computer, Workstation, Mini Computer, Supercomputer, and MainFrame Computer. Chapter 1 Introduction to Computer. Affordable solution to train a team and make them project ready. Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack of concentration. They are costly and complex to work on. For example, we might want to have Scratch cough three times by repeating some blocks: While this is correct, we can avoid repeating blocks with a loop: The next step is abstracting away some of our code into a function, or making it reusable in different ways. Starting a computer or a computer-embedded device is called booting. ), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (Douglas D. Damm; Carl M. Allen; Jerry E. Bouquot; Brad W. Neville), Environmental Pollution and Control (P. Arne Vesilin; Ruth F. Weiner), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. If you can input the necessary data with correct instructions, computer will do the processing. Digital Systems. In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. endobj Basic Computer Organization and Design: Instruction codes, Computer Registers, Computer instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction cycle, Memory Reference Instructions, Input - Output and Interrupt, Complete Computer Description. If we consider it in a very broad sense, any digital computer performs the following five operations: Step 2 Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required. Therefore here, the curriculum has been broken down into different units and topics, thereby allowing students to plan out their preparation much better. to grow exponentially roughly with the rate predicted by Moore, Even with all of the technological advances in computing over the years, the basic principles have not changed greatly, Aid to load data/instructions into CPU from other storage, Instruct to execute stored program instructions, Communicates with other parts of the hardware, Small storage locations within the CPU (much faster), A collection of registers is also known as register file, Size in bits or bytes (not MB like memory), typically several dozen in current CPUs, Scratchpad for currently executing program, Stores information about status of CPU and currently executing program, Hold intermediate results or data values, e., loop counters, Status of CPU and currently executing program, Flags (1-bit Boolean variable) to track sth like arithmetic carry and overflow, Lecture 1: Basics of Computer Systems Basic Model of Computing: What Is a Computer? We can write programs with the building blocks we just discovered: Well use a graphical programming language called. %PDF-1.5 <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> To have a better overview of the subject and to do some proper fact-checking it is always recommended to use good reference books. thousands, and eventually tens of millions of transistors to be fabricated on a single We could start by flipping through the book, one page at a time, until we find Mike Smith or reach the end of the book.

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