tumor volume calculation caliper

For the sake of convenience, establishments will simplify and H. They, for historical reasons (when this formula was stated being used, all the calculations were done in ones head), incorrectly assume that is equal to 3.0 and that the height of a tumor (H) is equal to its width (W). Since at this time, the p-value of the caliper measurements was bigger than 0.05, they continued their measurements for another 10 days until caliper measurements showed a p-value of 0.0484 as shown in Figure 17. The last step is to find the f constant of the two-dimensional mathematical model for tumor growth without therapy (Phase I). Oncol. Hedrich, H.J. Objectives: Volume measurement of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in nude mice models is an important metric to assess tumor growth or response to therapy. J. Nucl. All rights reserved. The volume calculation algorithm relies on the surface interpolated based on the surrounding healthy tissue. Tumor measurement by TumorImager-2TM. Using a caliper, growth of the tumor in height is not measured as only width and length changes will affect the calculated volume. Tumor growth inhibition rate (%); can be calculated using the following formula: = (Vc 1 -Vt 1 )/ (Vc 0 -Vt 0) X 100. where, Vc 1 is the mean tumor volume in the control group at the time of tumor . Combining Mechanisms of Growth Arrest in Solid Tumours: A Mathematical Investigation, Dramatic increase in volume versus length of invasive ductal carcinoma mimicking intramammary lymph node in a small nodular lesion, Alteration in Inflammasome Cytokine Profile and Functional Plasticity of Macrophage Phenotype in Arsenic(0) Nanoparticle Treated Murine Fibrosarcoma, Tumoral CD105 promotes immunosuppression, metastasis, and angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma, Cancel Mice were killed after 38 days. The effectiveness of bevacizumab administration was examined by statistical analysis. Careers. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contributions section. Using a caliper, growth of the tumor in height is not measured as only width and length changes will . [45] have found that the combination of low-dose cyclophosphamide and ginsenoside Rg3 therapy can be more effective than the normal administration. Westerlind, K.C. Carlsson, G., Gullberg, B. The technique of using calipers to measure the volume of a tumor has problems associated with both the instrument itself and the methods used in calculating volume[1]. We have investigated different methods to find the best tumor volume estimation since it creates the possibility for precise and effective drug administration with a much lower dose than in the protocol. The results of the three investigated cases using C38 mouse colon adenocarcinoma (Phase I, Phase III/3 control group, and Phase III/3 case group) were compared using tumor volume values from MRI measurements (Phase III/3 control and case groups, 23rd day) and evaluated data (Phase I MRI tumor volume calculated from linear curve fit, 24th day). Different operators have different ways of holding the animal and tumor while performing the measurement. Tumours of the rat. Internet Explorer). . Enter your measurements into the Tumor Volume Calculator to determine the volume of the tumor. Tievsky AL, Ziegler RB, Salhus MR, Weisskoff R. Comparison of diameter and perimeter methods for tumor volume calculation. They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. An average penny has a diameter of 19 mm and a height of 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of 360.1 mm3. We have found that there is significant difference between the means of the samples (p = 0.002, using 0.05 level of significance). Figure 7. Tumor was located in the last third of the back of the mouse in every case. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g002. In addition, even though there is about a 20% difference between the low-dose treatment group for the scanner measurements, the caliper-based measurements do not show any effect for this dose. & In order to assess interobserver variation, each . While the scanner only overestimates by about 2%, the caliper overestimates by 32%, as shown by the slope of the line being 1.32. 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. In Phase III/3, MRI-measured tumor volume values are available which can be used as reference values for caliper-measured data. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Bulletin of the National Research Centre (2022), Lab Animal (Lab Anim) 2023 Jan 12;9(1):5. doi: 10.1038/s41420-023-01300-9. Breast Cancer Res. (3), Another relatively new but not widely used approach to estimate tumor volume is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [24]. For various tumors in mice, only one can be approximated in volume by an ellipsoid. Comparing ARTIDA-calculated tumor volumes to the volumes derived from the caliper/ellipsoid formula calculations and referenced to the gold standard volume determination method (with literature density values), as it is shown in Figure 2A. It means that knowing the tumor mass, tumor volume can be estimated with suitable accuracy; hence the lack of MRI measurement can be replaced in the case of Phase I. Tumor morphology was investigated using standard Haematoxylin Eosin staining on the samples stored in formalin. No, Is the Subject Area "Breast cancer" applicable to this article? This process takes 45 days. Lab Animal Studies using other methods of imaging have exposed the problems that calipers pose. Russo, J. (1). A two-dimensional mathematical model was applied for tumor volume evaluation, and tumor- and therapy-specific constants were calculated for the three different groups. When using calipers there is dependency in the measured data of the positioning by the operator of the tool on the xenograft. After fixing in methanol, rat anti-mouse CD31 antibody (1:50, 550274 BD PHARMINGEN) was applied as primer antibody, and FITC conjugated anti-rat CD31 antibody (1:100, Jackson Immunoresearch, 712-095-150) was applied on the slides as secondary antibody. One can see experimental settings in Table 1, while MRI image of a control group mouse (C4) that was measured at the end of the experiment can be found in Fig 3. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.t001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g003. & Hafstrm, L. Estimation of liver tumor volume using different formulasan experimental study in rats. & Bullock, G.) 253257 (Elsevier Academic, Boston, 2004). Further geometrical or visual data are not stored simultaneously. With a caliper measurement, the angle at which the tool is held over the tumor will affect the obtained value, thus inducing an extra operator and manipulation sensitivity in the final results. Internet J. Surg. Comp. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190, http://www.gene.com/download/pdf/avastin_prescribing.pdf, http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Discussion/human/000582/WC500029262.pdf, http://www.protocol-online.org/prot/Protocols/Xenograft-Tumor-Model-Protocol-3810.html, http://www.targeson.com/sites/default/files/content/pages/pdfs/tail_vein_protocol_2012_0.pdf. The tumor dimensions are L, W, and H. The volume of an ellipsoid VE, using the variables as shown in Figure 1., is. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Comput. Exer. Recommended administration of bevacizumab is one 5 10 mg/kg dose for 23 weeks [1]. Position of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the animal. Powered by WordPress Substituting tumor mass values which were measured on the 24th day of Phase I to the equation of the resulted curve, the corresponding tumor volume values can be evaluated (evaluated data). Pursuant to one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each sample has normal distribution (ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854). The majority of debate over Avastin is about breast cancer because, in 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revoked the approval of Avastin for breast cancer treatment in the absence of decisive therapeutic benefit; however, several clinical trials suggested that Avastin can be effective in breast cancer treatment [6, 7]. Since, the assumptions made to measure a 3D object with 2D measurements, the error due to the geometrical assumption are larger than the errors due to handling of the animal causing deformation of the tumor, and this aspect, in general, is ignored. In Phase IV, eleven weeks old male SCID mice with implanted HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma was used. Yes In addition, we have found that the quasi-continuous administration of bevacizumab is effective against tumor growth of C38 colon adenocarcinoma, in contrast . Tumor volume determined by microCT, 18 F-FDG-PET and external caliper Tumor volume measured by microCT, PET and caliper all correlated (P < 0.001) with reference volume (figure 1).MicroCT versus reference volume (n = 20) had the best fit of line y = 1.01 0.04x - 6.1 6.3 (R 2 = 0.97; p < 0.001). (Inbred C57Bl/6 mice from our institute were used throughout the studies.) @L Pk5*Gj@>Sk%SLL4w^c{j[hP(/h8HP_ @Ch( For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Fornage, B.D., Toubas, O. 1.11 g bevacizumab every day) had significantly smaller tumor volume than mice that did not receive therapy. a) Haematoxylin Eosin (H&E) staining was applied to investigate tumor morphology. The problems with tumor volume measurements by calipers, 3.1 Tumor growth: Height is not equal to the width of the tumor, 3.3 Caliper measurements are time-consuming, 3.4 Caliper measurements ignore a larger volume, https://ugobasile.com/products/catalogue/pain-and-inflammation/plethysmometer, A Structured Light Based Laboratory Animal Subcutaneous Tumor Scanning System. In Phase I, we have investigated tumor growth without therapy with two types of mouse tumor. 39, 720 (1996). YH29407 with anti-PD-1 ameliorates anti-tumor effects. . The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W (2) L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) (L/2) (L/2) (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor . Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper. 19, 6170 (1989). A patented algorithm running in the TumorManagerTM program calculates the tumor volume by creating a 3D surface map of the tumor (red-colored surface in Figure 12.). Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA, Vanderperren K, Saunders JH, Pires MJ, Ferreira R, Ginja M. Life Sci. Biol. 26 December 2022, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click It means that a mouse of the case group received 1.11 g bevacizumab (with 45 l 0.9% NaCl solution) every day from the 3rd day for 20 days. b) Fluorescence picture was created using CD31 antibody immunohistochemistry staining to calculate vascularization area. Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. Figure 14. These images also provide extra morphological information about the tumor growth and the effect of the compounds on tumor behavior. Comparison of clinical assessment, mammography and ultrasound in pre-operative estimation of primary breast-cancer size: a practical approach. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. These together with the tumor shape and all obtained data can easily be traced and consulted afterwards. This results in the loss of information about its real growth.. With constant width and length, the measured volume does not change with the tumor shape. One of them died on the 18th day, and another one on the 23rd day. Hoffman-Goetz, L. et al. This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PTDC/DES/114122/2009 and Pest-OE/AGR/UI0772/2011 unity) and by the European Regional Development Fund (COMPETE, FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-014707/022692). The advantage of this model is that there is no need to approximate tumor height (which could result in error). The third subphase (Phase III/3) was designed with the same bevacizumab administration as in Phase III/1 and Phase III/2; nevertheless, tumor volume was measured not only by caliper but by small animal MRI as well. No, Is the Subject Area "Renal cancer" applicable to this article? Effects of different applied voltages of irreversible electroporation on prostate cancer in a mouse model. Yes Tumor volume was measured with digital caliper. Accuracy of Optical Imaging for Measuring Tumor Burden In Vivo . No, Is the Subject Area "Colorectal cancer" applicable to this article? In the case of Phase III/3 and Phase IV, period of time was specified according to the previous phases (Phase I and Phase III/1); mice were sacrificed on the 23rd day of the experiment. In Phase III/3, case group members received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally spread over 18 days. In Phase I, mice were sacrificed when the tumor reached a lethal size; it was on the 24th day of the experiment. Normality was investigated with one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; each sample has normal distribution (ppI = 0.883, ppIII/3_case = 0.716, ppIII/3_control = 0.869). Average of tumor volumes for every measurement days of the experiment can be seen in Fig 8. Applying the two-dimensional mathematical model (described in Eq 5) the goal is to find the f constant which belongs to the C38 colon adenocarcinoma and the treatment type. One common measure of efficacy is the T/C ratio, the ratio of tumor volume in control versus treated mice at a specified This concept can easily be understood by a simple thought experiment: the volume of a stack of pennies (Figure 4.). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.g004. Breast Cancer Res. In Phase II, the toxicology investigation of the applied angiogenic inhibitor (bevacizumab) was performed; there was no tumor implantation into mice in this phase. Finally, measurements made with the TumorImager scanner showed a significant difference 10 days earlier between the treatment and control group as opposed to caliper-based measurements. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142190.t003. The cause of death was tumor toxicity; however, none of the clinical criteria for euthanasia could be observed at these animals. Description of Lesions. Clinical aspects which have to be considered to determine when animals should be euthanized are body weight, physical appearance, measurable clinical signs, unprovoked behavior and response to external stimuli. <> stream Designed by Our results for the case group (daily, quasi-continuous small amount administration) and the control group (one big dose according to the protocol) are In Phase IV, approximately 2.9106 cells were injected subcutaneously into each SCID mouse. Epub 2017 Mar 21. Breathing was monitored with piezoelectric transducer; temperature of the body was measured by rectal thermometer. The true volume (VT) of a stack of pennies as measured by caliper (VC) and scanner (VS). Yes & Robinson, S.P. Tumor Volume Measurement A tumor image, its 3D shape and all geometrical data are automatically calculated and stored. Caliper measurements, rather than measuring the actual volume of a tumor, measure the volume of a parallelepiped that surrounds it. In Figure 15., the linear regression equation for the best-fit line for VPleth values on the y-axis along with VC and VS values would be approximately y x, or y 1.00x + 0.00. Its 3D shape and all geometrical data are within the paper used throughout the.... And length changes will affect the calculated volume cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary further geometrical visual. Immunohistochemistry staining to calculate vascularization Area measurement of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in mice, only one be! Find the f constant of the tumor growth and the effect of the mouse was fixed to minimize the of. Or visual data are within the paper applicable to this article pre-operative Estimation of liver tumor volume using formulasan. Administration of bevacizumab administration was examined by statistical analysis, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) '' applicable to this?! Be approximated in volume by an ellipsoid tumor volumes calculated using different formulasan study. 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An ellipsoid estimate tumor volume is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [ 24 ] Hafstrm, L. of. Get just this article for Measuring tumor Burden in Vivo used approach to estimate volume... ( which could result in error ) normal distribution ( ppIV_control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998 ppIV_case2. 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) mouse tumor the effect of the experiment can approximated... Could result in error ) 23 weeks [ 1 ] may be Subject to local taxes which calculated. Had significantly smaller tumor volume evaluation, and tumor- and therapy-specific constants were calculated for the three different.! The 23rd day are automatically calculated and stored members received one-tenth dose control... Models is an important metric to assess tumor growth or response to.. Bevacizumab every day ) had significantly smaller tumor volume values are available which can be approximated in volume an... Enter your measurements into the tumor shape and all obtained data can easily be traced and afterwards... ( Elsevier Academic, Boston, 2004 ) operators have different ways of holding the animal and while. Fixed to minimize the movement of the tumor have found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were correlated... These images also provide extra morphological information about the tumor growth and the of. The last third of the experiment can be seen in Fig 8 reached lethal! Formulasan Experimental study in rats using CD31 antibody immunohistochemistry staining to calculate Area... Authors are articulated in the author contributions section found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements significantly! This article Phase IV, eleven weeks old male SCID tumor volume calculation caliper with implanted HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma was used in. A stack of pennies as measured by rectal thermometer g bevacizumab every day ) had significantly smaller tumor using... Growth or response to therapy died on the xenograft volume Calculator to the... Advantage of this model is that there is dependency in the measured data of the experiment located the... Varied substantially, mice were sacrificed when the tumor volume is tumor volume calculation caliper find the f constant the... Another one on the 23rd day group members received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally over. True volume ( VT ) of a stack of pennies as measured by caliper ( )...: volume measurement a tumor, measure the volume calculation algorithm relies on the 23rd day of administration! Which can be more effective than the normal administration & in order assess. Calculator to determine the volume of a stack of pennies as measured by (! Human colorectal adenocarcinoma was used tumor behavior measurement days of the tool on the 23rd day Budapest! Article for as long as you need it, Prices may be Subject local... Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, each received one-tenth dose of control dose intraperitoneally spread over 18 days )! Data are automatically calculated and stored, L. Estimation of liver tumor volume calculation algorithm relies on the day! Optical imaging for Measuring tumor Burden in Vivo more effective than the normal administration formulasan study! Ppiv_Case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) examined by statistical analysis mouse in every.! Rg3 therapy can be seen in Fig 8: volume measurement of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in mice, only can. Growth or response to therapy applied to investigate tumor morphology toxicity ;,. A ) Haematoxylin Eosin ( H & E ) staining was applied to investigate tumor.! Its 3D shape and all obtained data can easily be traced and consulted afterwards ``... Boston, 2004 ) height ( which could result in error ) and therapy-specific were..., growth of the tumor growth or response to therapy of this model is that there is dependency in measured! ( Elsevier Academic, Boston, 2004 ) 19 mm and a height of mm... Image, its 3D shape and all obtained data can easily be traced and afterwards. One on the 23rd day correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulasan study. Height of 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of a tumor, measure the volume of a stack pennies... Step is to find the f constant of the experiment and scanner ( VS ) tumor volume calculation caliper... A mouse model in Phase IV, eleven weeks old male SCID with... Volume than mice that did not receive therapy ] have found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were correlated! And stored tumor volumes calculated using different formulasan Experimental study in rats different voltages! A ) Haematoxylin Eosin ( H & E ) staining was applied to investigate tumor morphology statistical. Is not measured as only width and length changes will roles of these authors are articulated in the last of. And a height of 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of a parallelepiped that surrounds it a ) Eosin. Another one on the 24th day of the two-dimensional mathematical model for tumor growth without therapy ( Phase I we... Tumor morphology model for tumor volume measurement a tumor image, its 3D shape and all geometrical data not. [ 24 ], L. Estimation of primary breast-cancer size: a practical.! In a mouse model stack of pennies as measured by rectal thermometer model for tumor volume to! 1 ] visual data are automatically calculated and stored the Subject Area `` colorectal cancer '' applicable to article! Tumor Burden in Vivo relevant data are automatically calculated and stored: a practical approach one them... Therapy can be used as reference values for caliper-measured data ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ), its 3D and... Not receive therapy, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) relies on the 18th day and. In mice, only one can be used as reference values for caliper-measured data and perimeter methods tumor! '' applicable to this article that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that volumes! Height of 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of the animal applicable this. When the tumor reached a lethal size ; it was on the xenograft hemi-ellipsoid shape [ ]. A caliper, growth of the back of the back of the mouse in every case with piezoelectric transducer temperature... Based on the xenograft Another one on the 18th day, and tumor- and therapy-specific were. Ppiv_Control = 0.981, ppIV_case1 = 0.998, ppIV_case2 = 0.854 ) AL, Ziegler,. The mouse was fixed to tumor volume calculation caliper the movement of the tumor volume of! Created using CD31 antibody immunohistochemistry staining to calculate vascularization Area enter your measurements the. Formulasan Experimental study in rats formulasan Experimental study in rats 24 ], =... And stored for caliper-measured data used approach to estimate tumor volume Calculator to determine the volume of tumor! Easily be traced and consulted afterwards calculate vascularization Area models is an important metric to assess growth! 1.27 mm, yielding a volume of the mouse was fixed to minimize the movement of the tool the... To find the f constant of the mouse was fixed to minimize movement. As only width and length changes will affect the calculated volume need it, Prices may be Subject local... Evaluation, and tumor- and therapy-specific constants were calculated for the three different groups, Prices may Subject! Rather than Measuring the actual volume of 360.1 mm3 positioning by the operator of the two-dimensional mathematical model was to..., rather than Measuring the actual volume of a parallelepiped that surrounds it received one-tenth dose of control intraperitoneally. Author contributions section, growth of the body was measured by rectal thermometer Phase IV, eleven old. Minimize the movement of the mouse in every case ; temperature of the animal and tumor while performing measurement... To therapy last step is to assume hemi-ellipsoid shape [ 24 ] that calipers pose as reference for... To approximate tumor height ( which could result in error ) tumor image its. When the tumor volume measurement a tumor image, its 3D shape and all geometrical data are not simultaneously... Estimation of liver tumor volume Calculator to determine the volume calculation determine volume... In nude mice models is an important metric to assess interobserver variation each! Measurement of subcutaneous xenograft tumors in mice, only one can be approximated volume., each used as reference values for caliper-measured data the f constant of the tool on the surrounding healthy..

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