what happened to herbert kappler first wife

In 1935, as part of Germany's rearming programs, Kappler was called up to serve in the Wehrmacht. What happened to Herbert Kappler, SS Colonel, after WWII? He also said that he had refused to allow clergymen to visit the hostages before they were killed because we were pressed for time, and I know that people who are about to be executed always indulge in talking to the minister. Shortly before his trial, Mr. Kappler converted to Roman Catholicism. Waiting to solve 5. Germany was furious at the betrayal and retaliated by invading Italy. Since he was at this time considered only a general SS member, not assigned to permanent full-time duties, Kappler was not exempt from the draft and he became a Schtze in the Wehrmacht on June 11, 1935. In 1934, OFlaherty was appointedMonsignor; a title for high-ranking clergy members who have provided valuable service to the church. Mr. Kappler's escape last Aug. 15 from the military hospital, to which he had been transferred because of deteriorating health, caused a political furor. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. . He underwent six months of indoctrination training, and was sworn into the SS on May 8, 1933. In 1977, his wife visited him in prison and smuggled him out in a large suitcase (owing to his illness he weighed only 105 pounds at the time). Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities. By 1943, the Italians had suffered a series of humiliating defeats at the hands of the Allied powers. [18], In the 1973 feature film Massacre in Rome, which deals with the Ardeatine massacre, Kappler was portrayed by actor Richard Burton. The fivejudge tribunal convicted him of repeated and premeditated murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment, the maximum under Italian law, specifying that he be placed in solitary confinement for four years. By submitting the above I agree to the privacy policy and terms of use of JTA.org, Search JTA's historical archive dating back to 1923. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. His first assignment was as a member of an Allgemeine SS formation (the 13th SS-Standarte), operating out of Stuttgart, performing part-time duties as a member of the general SS. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. He rose to the rank of SS- Obersturmbannfhrer and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre as well as dealing with Vatican City over its neutrality. He was a man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to help thousands of people escape from the Nazis. . (1997), Military history of Italy during World War II, "An Italian doctor explains "Syndrome K", the fake disease he invented to save Jews from the Nazis", "Weitere Grber nicht mehr namenlos (neues deutschland)", "La vedova di Kappler a Trento per il culto del Simonino", "Erich Priebke, Nazi Who Carried Out Massacre of 335 Italians, Dies at 100", "Nazi funeral that's forcing Italy to face its past", "Kappler's escape MEETING WITH Hon. On a visit in August 1977, Kappler's wife carried him out in a large suitcase (Kappler weighed about 47kg (104lb) at the time) and escaped to West Germany, assisted by apparently unwitting carabinieri. Asked whether there werent times when such orders should be disobeyed, Mrs. Kappler replied: One cannot judge this today if one has not experienced war. Since the marriage had remained childless, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. "First a great fear, then a great calm, an enormous lucidity. OFlaherty enlisted several VIPs. Kappler and his first wife divorced while Kappler was serving his sentence, but he was married again to Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with Kappler before marrying him in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. In 1931, Herbert Kappler formally became a Nazi Party member. Impressed with his abilities, he was appointed to the Holy See; the Vaticans governing body. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. A particular adversary of Kapplers in this respect was Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape from Rome led to Kappler marking him for assassination. what happened to hercules after he died . If he discovered prisoners who were deemed missing-in-action, he attempted to notify their families. Because of Kappler's deteriorating condition and his wife's nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him during his time in the Italian hospital. Without hesitation, O'Flaherty took up Kappler's invitation and in prison the two men chatted over coffee. Herbert married Irmgard Kappler (born Erckmann). Kapplers second in command in Rome, SS-Captain. In mid 1941, now an SS-Major, Kappler was selected as a liaison officer to the government of Benito Mussolini as well as a security advisor to the Fascist police. Contents Question ( 102766) Answer ( 32) Member ( 11) Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. What happened to Herbert Kapplers first wife? He escaped from prison shortly before his death in West Germany in 1978. Statis. This page was last changed on 26 July 2021, at 19:26. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom also died in the gas chambers. [17], Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on 9 February 1978, aged 70. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reich Security Main Office in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Higher SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. [1] [2] He was promoted to SS-Obersturmbannfhrer (lieutenant colonel) on September 12 and quickly assumed his new duties operating out of the Italian capital. Herbert Kappler was born on month day 1906, to Fritz Kappler and Kunigunde Kappler (born Siebentritt). He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. Kappler came into direct conflict with the Vatican, as the Germans had strong suspicions that it was harboring Allied fugitives and escaped prisoners, even though the Vatican under Pope Pius XII was technically neutral. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. She lowered him out a fourthfloor window with a mountainclimbing harness, hid him in a box and drove to West Germay. His appointment to Italy was the result of his security police experience, connections with the SS leadership (Reinhard Heydrich, in particular), as well as a fluency in the Italian language. Following the armistice between Italy and the Allied Forces on September 8, 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was ordered to serve as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and police units deployed in Rome. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and, from the beginning of the Second World War, he cooperated closely with the Italian police. It was not just because the Vatican City was a self-contained political entity independent of Italy. This is a digitized version of an article from The Timess print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. He was portrayed by Christopher Plummer in the 1983 TV film, The Scarlet and The Black, which detailed Kapplers first meeting with Monsignor Hugh OFlaherty. Kappler was born to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in what was still the German Empire. At his trial in 1948, after six hours, the head of the five-judge military tribunal gravely pronounced the stiffest sentence he could give under Italian law: "life imprisonment, including four years solitary confinement, for repeated and premeditated murder.. iie was 70 years old. Kappler was responsible for many cruel deeds in Rome as well as the massacre at The Ardeatine Caves, which were personally supervised by Kappler. Despite the Fascist dictatorship, the war, and racial legislation, the family . In practice, refusal to obey orders during war is not possible. She declined to give details of the escape, saying these would appear in a mass-circulation magazine this week. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70. We have no ads to show you! Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. As part of the latter operation, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of gold (110 lbs.) At his death, the Ltineburg public prosecutor was Investigating whether West German court could try him for his war crimes. Meanwhile, the West German government has denied German press reports that it has secretly reached agreement with the Italian government on a means of ending the Kappler controversy. SOLTAU, West Germany, Feb. 10 (UPI) The family of Herbert Kappler, a former Nazi SS colonel, withheld plans for his funeral today to prevent pro- and antiNazi demonstrators from appearing at the rites. See the article in its original context from. Kappler's second in command in Rome, SS-Captain Erich Priebke, did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. Because of Kapplers deteriorating condition and his wifes nursing skills, Anneliese Kappler had been allowed almost unlimited access to him after he was transferred to an Italian hospital. See the article in its original context from. By early 1944, Kappler was the highest representative of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Main Security Office) in Rome and answered directly to both the military governorship, under Luftwaffe Major General Kurt Mlzer, as well as the SS chain of command under the Supreme SS and Police Leader of Italy, SS-Obergruppenfhrer Karl Wolff. Anyone can read what you share. Kappler was also in Stuttgart during the Night of the Long Knives, but was at this time too junior in the SS to significantly participate. Mr. Kappler's wife, Anneliese, who said she had lowered him with ropes from the third floor of the hospital, explained that it had been her greatest wish that her husband, whom she called a Christbike figure, should not die in captivity. This website makes use of cookies to ensure that the website works properly. Priebke's commanding officer, Col. Herbert Kappler, was put on trial in postwar Rome; in 1948 he was sentenced to life imprisonment for the Ardeatine Caves atrocity, but his wife eventually. An SS officer, he had been an adviser to Italy's fascist police. The Irish War of Independence broke out in 1919, making life difficult. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. By the time the Allies captured Rome in June 1944, OFlahertys underground network had kept 6,245 Allied escapees alive. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: The more they hate Herbert Kappler, the more love him. The film was filled with the Catholic faith of his wife, Maria von Trapp, and their family. [14][15], In 1948, Kappler was tried by an Italian Army military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Gaeta military prison. In January 1936, he was assigned to duty at the Gestapo central office of Stuttgart. Family of Kappler, ExSS Colonel, Withholds plans for His Funeral, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html. Millions of high-quality images, video, and music options are waiting for you. Kurtna then passed the codebooks to the Soviets through Monsignor Mario Brini of the Vatican's Secretariat of State. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where over three hundred Italian civilians were killed on 24-03-1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against an SS formation in Rome. One of the most notorious actions Kappler undertook while in Rome was the organization of the Ardeatine massacre where 335 Italian civilians were killed on March 24, 1944 in collective punishment for an attack by resistance fighters against the SS Police Regiment Bozen in Rome. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [2], By 1975, at the age of sixty-eight, Kappler was diagnosed with terminal cancer and he was moved to a military hospital in Rome in 1976. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Kappler was convicted to life imprisonment by an Italian military tribunal after WWII and served life imprisonment in an Italian prison. From 1939 to 1940, he was briefly deployed to Poland and participated in various Einsatzgruppen actions before serving a further tour as a uniformed Gestapo officer in occupied Belgium where he acted to suppress resistance. Berlin directed him to have 10 times as many Italians shot in retaliation. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrian Jews as part of the Holocaust in Austria.[3]. As Rome fell to Allied forces, Kappler unsuccessfully tried to seek refuge in the Vatican, but he was arrested by British authorities in 1945 and later turned over to the Italian government in 1947. He died of cancer in 1978, never having been returned to Prison. After serving as an SS-Anwrter from December 1932 to May 1933, Kappler was appointed an SS-Mann and assigned the SS membership number 55,211. [citation needed] In 1938, during the Anschluss, he supervised the mass deportations of Austrias Jews to concentration camps. Vittorio Lattanzio resigned from his position as Minister of Defense in the aftermath of the escape. A particular adversary of Kappler's in this respect was Monsignor Hugh O'Flaherty, whose activities helping Jewish fugitives and Allied prisoners escape Rome led to Kappler having him targeted for assassination. Italy demanded his extradition, but .West Germany said this was impossible under its Constitution. Kappler was posted to Rome as head of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and throughout the war years he cooperated closely with the Fascist police. Kappler came into direct conflict with the neutral Vatican under Pope Pius XII, which Kappler correctly believed was harbouring escaped Allied POWs, members of the Italian Resistance, and Jews. Herbert Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in Stuttgart in the German Empire. World War II He was intelligent earning a scholarship to a teacher training college. In retaliation for the armistice between Italy and the Allies on 8 September 1943, the German military occupied Rome and Kappler was appointed as Chief of the Security Police and Security Service (Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) for all SS and Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) units deployed in Rome. Access the best of Getty Images with our simple subscription plan. They deposed Mussolini and freed all Allied POWs. Despite this O'Flaherty assisted in helping members of Kapplers family in escaping from Rome at Liberation. He was only obeying orders.. 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I recommend you watch his trial here. Shahan Russell is one of the authors writing for WAR HISTORY ONLINE. The radio play was first broadcast on November 30, 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. In 1937, Kappler graduated from the Fhrerschule der Sicherheitspolizei (Leadership School of the Security Police) in Berlin as a Kriminalkommissar (criminal commissioner). Of the citys 9,700 Jews, 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by OFlahertys group. He later arranged the deportation of a further 993 Roman Jews, nearly all of whom eventually died in Nazi gas chambers. Appeals by both his wife and the West German government to release him were denied by Italian authorities, but earned him a transfer to a hospital. As the Allied armies invaded Italy and began moving north towards Rome, Kappler became significantly involved in hunting suspected Allied agents and Allied prisoners-of-war which had escaped Italian POW camps after the Italian Army capitulated. Six months after his escape, Kappler died at home in Soltau, on February 9, 1978, aged 70.[4]. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice. His Nazi Party membership number was 594,899. Amazingly, the Irishman agreed to go and see a man who had plotted to kidnap him and at one stage wanted to murder him. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. He served as the Vaticans diplomat to Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. what happened to herbert kappler's first wife. Source: Dutch National Archives, The Hague. [6][7][10][13], Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year. Hugh O'Flaherty, who also often visited him in prison, and with whom Kappler often discussed literature and religion. Herbert Kappler passed away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was . She defended these donations on the grounds that she had spent her entire savings to try and secure her husbands release and to care for him while he was a prisoner. The colonel testified at his trial that he had had to fire the first shot himself because the officer chosen to do so had become ill at the scene. The family has nothing to say concerning burial plans, a friend of the family remarked. The reports suggested that Bonn would place Kappler in a German hospital under strict police guard and the Italian government would find this a politically palatable solution to the row over his escape. Kurtna, who was always loyal to the USSR, only started to also spy for Nazi Germany in 1943 because his new handler, Kappler, repeatedly threatened to otherwise send Kurtna and his wife to a concentration camp. She defended her husbands shooting of 335 Italian Jews and non-Jews in 1941 in reprisal for a partisan attack on Romes SS headquarters, saying he was acting under orders. During those same years, Kurtna covertly spied for the Soviet Union, with devastating results for the many underground priests and faithful whose names he passed to the NKVD. He would never join his diocese. He later remarried Anneliese Kappler, a nurse with whom he had carried on a lengthy correspondence, in a prison wedding ceremony in 1972. He served as head of German police and security services (Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre.[1][2]. Kappler was born on September 23, 1907, to a middle-class family in the city of Stuttgart in what was then the German Empire. During his captivity, Kappler wrote to his former rival and asked him to come and visit. Kappler and his first wife divorced while he was serving his sentence. [3][9], Despite demands that Kappler be returned to Italy the West German authorities refused to extradite him and did not prosecute Kappler for any further war crimes, reportedly owing to ill-health. Kappler's post-war time seeking asylum in the Vatican, and his resultant friendship with his former enemy Monsignor O'Flaherty, was dramatised in the radio play The Scarlet Pimpernel of the Vatican by Robin Glendinning. Kapplers days were over. In 1947, Kappler was tried by an Italian military tribunal and sentenced to life imprisonment in the military prison of Gaeta. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. The Archive of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency includes articles published from 1923 to 2008. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. ROME, ITALY 1996: Annalise Kappler, wife of Herbert Kappler, lieutenant Colonel SS German and Paolo Giachini, lawyer former SS, arrives to testify in favor of SS officer Erich Priebke during the trial at Military Court of former SS officer Erich Priebke for participating in the 1944 massacre at the Ardeatine caves in Rome in which 335 civilians, including 75 Jews, were killed during World War II. Living in a major city such as Stuttgart, Kappler was a witness to the chaos of the Great Depression, the expansion of the Freikorps, and the rise of the Nazi Party. It did not take the Nazis long to realize that OFlaherty was behind the disappearing people. OFlaherty never lost his talent for socializing or forgot his golfing skills. Kappler was arrested by British authorities in 1945, turned over to the Italian government in 1947, and tried the following year by an Italian military tribunal. Kappler joined the Nazi Party on August 1, 1931and the SSin 1933. Instead, he stayed to work for the Holy See, serving as a Vatican diplomat in Egypt, Haiti, Santo Domingo, and Czechoslovakia. He served as head of German police and security services ( Sicherheitspolizei and SD) in Rome during the Second World War and was responsible for the Ardeatine massacre. In 1975, he was diagnosed with cancer. In 1968 she visited him for the first time in the fortress of Gaeta. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 9 February 1978) was a key German SS functionary and war criminal during the Nazi era. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/02/10/archives/herbert-kappler-dies-nazi-fled-captivity-in-rome-called-a.html. He later married Anneliese Kappler, a nurse who had carried on a lengthy correspondence with him, before marrying him at a prison ceremony in 1972. The radio play was first broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC Radio 4. During this time one of his only regular visitors was none other that The Monsignor himself who visited him every month for 10 years as well as writing to him regularly and subsequently baptizedhim to the Catholic faith. Kappler died on 09-02-1978, at home in Soltau at the age of 70. Anneliese Kappler, wife of the former Rome Gestapo chief, Herbert Kappler and organizer of his controversial escape from a Rome military prison to West Germany, denied last night that any official German authority or any group had aided in the escape attempt. Kappler attended four years of elementary school (Volksschule) followed by four more of high school and graduated in 1925. By this time, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism,[16] due to the influence of his war-time enemy, Mgr. In mid 1935, Kappler applied for transfer to the full-time SS and submitted an application to join the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) or SiPo. Hunted by them, he ended up converting the SS chief in Rome. Minister Vito Lattanzio", National Archives and Records Administration, Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea, Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kappler&oldid=1128139070, Germans convicted of war crimes committed in Italy during World War II, German police officers convicted of murder, Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Italy, Prisoners and detainees of the British military, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 December 2022, at 16:08. Herbert Kappler (23 September 1907 - 9 February 1978) was the head of German police and security services ( Oberbefehlshaber des Sicherheitspolizei und SD) in Rome during World War II. Mr. Kappler, who was a colonel in Hitler's elite SS police force, died in his own bed in this small country town. After his sentencing (which upheld his lifetime conviction), Kappler went ahead with the conversion. They included the wife of the Irish ambassador, several priests, nuns, members of the French resistance, as well as other high-ranking nobles. Legislation, the couple adopted a boy from a Lebensborn home serving his sentence https: //www.nytimes.com/1978/02/11/archives/family-of-kappler-exss-colonel-withholds-plans-for-his-funeral.html concerning plans. Mrs. Kappler told reporters: the more they hate herbert Kappler was born on 23. ( 11 ) Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system 110.. Until 1996 that Priebke would face justice article from the Timess print,. Erich Priebke did manage to escape and it was not until 1996 that Priebke face... Away in 1978 after Anneliese broke him out of prison when he was a key SS! - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise it was not until 1996 that Priebke would face justice in 1934 OFlaherty. A Lebensborn home on this Wikipedia the language links are at the hands of the operation... A man of many faces who used his talent at disguise to thousands! Maria von Trapp, and their family 's rearming programs, Kappler successfully extorted 50 kilograms of (... Broadcast on 30 November 2006 on UK BBC radio 4 also converted to Roman Catholicism whom also died in gas! Would appear in a box and drove to West Germay in West Germany in 1978 after Anneliese broke out... Boy from a Lebensborn home Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden OFlahertys... During the Nazi era six months after his escape, Kappler had also converted to Catholicism., 5,000 were hidden by the Vatican at different properties, and3,700 were hidden by group!, Kappler was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in the gas chambers hugh O'Flaherty, who often... To Italy & # x27 ; s first wife release him were denied by Italian authorities lowered out! 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